Overview of protocols and architecture of OSI model and TCP/ IP data transmissions and communications encoding and decoding analog and digital signal signal modulations packet switching LAN and WAN technologies wireless networks mobile ad hoc networks mobile networking virtual network and overlay network network cabling IP addressing and subnetting basic network security basic network troubleshooting case studies Basic concepts of operating systems processes and concurrency process management and scheduling input/output management memory management file systems device management system performance evaluation Basic cryptography public key, symmetric key integrity, hash function steganography authentication, password, biometric authorization, access control mechanisms